canvas = tkinter.Canvas(root, height = 300, width = 300)
canvas.pack()
canvas.create_line(
    0,
    0,
    200,
    200,
    fill = "red",
    dash = (4,4)
)

# the tags
item = canvas.create_line(0, 0, 100, 100, tags="uno")
canvas.itemconfig(item, tags=("one", "two"))
canvas.addtag_withtag("three", "one")
canvas.gettags(item)
canvas.find_withtag("one")

# other functions
coords(item, *coords)
create_arc(bbox, **options)
create_bitmap(position, **options)
create_image(position, **options)
create_line(coords, **options)
create_oval(bbox, **options)
create_polygon(coords, **options)
create_rectangle(bbox, **options)
create_text(position, **options)
create_window(position, **options)
dchars(item, from, to=None)
delete(item)
dtag(item, tag=None)
find_above(item)
find_all()
find_below(item)
find_closest(x, y, halo=None, start=None)
find_enclosed(x1, y1, x2, y2)
find_overlapping(x1, y1, x2, y2)
find_withtag(item)
focus(item=None)
gettags(item)
icursor(item, index)
index(item, index)
insert(item, index, text)
itemcget(item, option)
itemconfig(item, **options)
itemconfigure(item, **options)
lift(item, **options)
lower(item, **options)
move(item, dx, dy)
postscript(**options)
scale(self, xscale, yscale, xoffset, yoffset)
scan_dragto(x, y)
scan_mark(x, y)
select_adjust(item, index)
select_clear()
select_from(item, index)
select_item()
select_to(item, index)
tag_bind(item, event=None, callback, add=None)
tag_lower(item)
tag_raise(item)
tag_unbind(self, item, event)
tkraise(item, **options)
xview(how, *args)
xview_moveto(fraction)
xview_scroll(number, what)
yview(how, *args)
yview_moveto(fraction)
yview_scroll(number, what)

# .config(**options)
message = tkinter.Message(
    root,
    text = "message is similar to label without image"
)
message.pack()

var = tkinter.StringVar(root)
optionMenu = tkinter.OptionMenu(root, var, "one", "two", "three")
optionMenu.pack()
# print (optionMenu.keys())
# print (dir(optionMenu))

group = tkinter.LabelFrame(
    root,
    text = "group box",
    padx = 10,
    pady = 10
).pack()
entry = tkinter.Entry(
    root
).pack()
# as a view group

s = tkinter.Scale( # a slider
    root,
    from_ = 10,
    to = 20,
    orient = "vertical", # horizontal
    resolution = 2 # the step ,use -1 to disable rounding.
    # digits =
    # label =
    # repeatinterval = # Default value is 100.
    # showvalue =
    # sliderlength =
    # sliderrelief =
    # tickinterval =
    # troughcolor =
).pack()
# coords(value=None) # Gets the screen coordinate corresponding to the given scale value.
# get() # Gets the current scale value.
# identify(x, y) # Checks if an active part of the scale is at the given screen location.
# set(value)

# The Scrollbar widget is almost always used in conjunction with a Listbox, Canvas, or Text widget. Horizontal scrollbars can also be used with the Entry widget.
# To connect a vertical scrollbar to such a widget, you have to do two things:
# Set the widget’s yscrollcommand callbacks to the set method of the scrollbar.
# Set the scrollbar’s command to the yview method of the widget.
sb = tkinter.Scrollbar(root)
sb.pack(side ="right",fill = "y")
lb = tkinter.Listbox(
    root,
    yscrollcommand = sb.set
)
sb.config(command = lb.yview)
for x in range(10,300,5):
    lb.insert(0,x)
lb.pack(side = 'left',fill = "both")
#
# activate(element)
# elementborderwidth=
# jump =
# orient =
# repeatdelay =
# repeatinterval=
# troughcolor=
# delta(deltax, deltay)
# fraction(x, y)
# get()
# identify(x, y)
# set(lo, hi)

# Spinbox
sp = tkinter.Spinbox( # numner select
    root,
    from_ = 10,
    to = 100,
    # command =
    # xscrollcommand = # Used to connect a spinbox field to a horizontal scrollbar. This option should be set to the set method of the corresponding scrollbar
)
sp.pack()
# Spinbox(root, values = (3,6,9))
# delete(first, last=None)
# get()
# icursor(index)
# identify(x, y)
# index(index)
# insert(index, text)
# invoke(element)
# scan_dragto(x)
# scan_mark(x)
# selection_adjust(index)
# selection_clear()
# selection_element(element=None)

# The Toplevel widget is used to display extra application windows, dialogs, and other “pop-up” windows.
tl = tkinter.Toplevel()
tl.title("top level")
lb = tkinter.Label(tl, text = "this is Toplevel lavel")
lb.pack()
btn = tkinter.Button(tl,text = "destroy",command = tl.destroy)
btn.pack()

# The tkMessageBox module provides an interface to the message dialogs.
# tkMessageBox.function(title, message [, options]).
tkMessageBox.showwarning(
    "Open file",
    "Cannot open this file\n"
)
# showinfo
# showwarning
# showerror
# askquestion
# askokcancel
# askyesno
# askretrycancel
# Message Box Options
default # ABORT, RETRY, IGNORE, OK, CANCEL, YES, or NO
icon #  ERROR, INFO, QUESTION, or WARNING
message (string)
parent (widget)
title (string)
type (constant) # ABORTRETRYIGNORE, OK, OKCANCEL, RETRYCANCEL, YESNO, or YESNOCANCEL.

# .config(**options)
label = tkinter.Label(
    root,
    text = "this is a label text 测试",
    bg = "green", # background
    fg = "red", # foreground
    font = ("arial",15),
    width = 20,
    height = 5,
    activebackground = 'blue', # with the state option
    activeforeground = "purple",
    anchor = 'ne', # (center)where in the label the text should be located.
    # bitmap =
    borderwidth = 10, # bd
    compound = 'top', # (center)Controls how to combine text and image in the label
    # cursor =
    disabledforeground = "red",
    highlightbackground = "blue",
    highlightcolor = "green",
    highlightthickness = 2,
    # image =
    justify = 'center', # Defines how to align multiple lines of text ,right,left,center
    padx = 10,
    pady = 10,
    relief = 'ridge', # (flat),sunken,raised,groove
    state = 'normal', # active,disabled
    # takefocus =
    # textvariable =
    underline = 1, # (-1)
    wraplength = 100
)
label.pack(side="left")

# .config(**options)
frame = tkinter.Frame(
    root,
    bg = "red",
    width = 400,
    height = 600,
    # colormap =
    # container =
    # cursor =
    # class =
    bd = 2,
    # highlightbackground =
    # highlightcolor =
    # highlightthickness =
    relief = 'sunken', # flat,sunken,raised,groove,ridge
    # takefocus =
    # visual =
    padx = 10,
    pady = 10
)
frame.pack()

# .config(**options)
value = tkinter.StringVar()
entry = tkinter.Entry(
    root,
    width = 200,
    bg = "#222222",
    fg = "yellow",
    bd = 20,
    textvariable = value,
    # cursor =
    # disabledbackground =
    # disabledforeground =
    font = ("arial",15),
    exportselection = True, #selected text is automatically exported to the clipboard.
    # highlightbackground =
    # highlightcolor =
    # highlightthickness =
    insertbackground = "blue", # Color used for the insertion cursor.
    insertborderwidth = 10,
    insertofftime = 1000, # Together with insertontime, this option controls cursor blinking. Both values are given in milliseconds.
    insertontime = 1000,
    insertwidth = 20,
    justify = "right", # right,left,center
    # invalidcommand =
    # invcmd =
    readonlybackground = "orange", # The background color to use when the state is “readonly”.
    relief = "groove", # flat,raised,ridge,sunken
    selectbackground = "black",
    selectborderwidth = 2,
    selectforeground = "white",
    show = "", # Controls how to display the contents of the widget.
    state = "normal", # disabled,readonly
    # takefocus =
    validate = "none" # focusin,focusout,focus
    # validatecommand =
    # vcmd = # same as validatecommand
    # xscrollcommand = # Used to connect an entry field to a horizontal scrollbar. This option should be set to the set method of the corresponding scrollbar.
)
value2 = value.get()
value.set("hello python ...")
entry.focus_set()
entry.delete(0,2)
entry.icursor(3) # Moves the insertion cursor to the given index.
index = entry,index(2) # Gets the numerical position corresponding to the given index.
entry.insert(0,"aaaaaa")
# scan_dragto(x), # Sets the scanning anchor for fast horizontal scrolling to the given mouse coordinate.
# scan_mark(x),# Scrolls the widget contents sideways according to the given mouse coordinate. The text is moved 10 times the distance between the scanning anchor and the new position.
#
# select_adjust(index) [#]
# Same as selection_adjust.
#
# select_clear() [#]
# Same as selection_clear.
#
# select_from(index) [#]
# Same as selection_from.
#
# select_present() [#]
# Same as selection_present.
#
# select_range(start, end) [#]
# Same as selection_range.
#
# select_to(index) [#]
# Same as selection_to.
#
# selection_adjust(index)
# Adjusts the selection to include also the given character. If index is already selected, do nothing.
#
# selection_clear()
# Clears the selection.
#
# selection_from(index)
# Starts a new selection. This also sets the ANCHOR index.
#
# selection_present()
# Checks if text is selected.
#
# lection_range(start, end)
# Explicitly sets the selection range. Start must be smaller than end. Use selection_range(0, END) to select all text in the widget.
#
# selection_to(index)
# Selects all text between ANCHOR and the given index.
#
# xview(index)
# Makes sure the given index is visible. The entry view is scrolled if necessary.
#
# xview_moveto(fraction)
# Adjusts the entry view so that the given offset is at the left edge of the canvas. Offset 0.0 is the beginning of the entry string, 1.0 the end.
#
# xview_scroll(number, what)
# Scrolls the entry view horizontally by the given amount.
entry.pack()

# .config(**options)
# Text
text = tkinter.Text(
    # maxundo =
    # relief =
    # setgrid = #Default value is 0.
    # spacing1 = # Default value is 0.
    # spacing2 = Default value is 0.
    # spacing3 = # Default value is 0.
    # state = # Default value is NORMAL.
    # tabs = # No default value.
    # takefocus= # No default value.
    # undo = # Default is 0.
    # wrap = #Default value is CHAR.
    # xscrollcommand =
    # yscrollcommand =
)
# text.tag_config("a", foreground="blue", underline=1)
# text.tag_bind("Enter>", show_hand_cursor)
# text.tag_bind("Leave>", show_arrow_cursor)
# text.tag_bind("Button-1>", click)
# text.config(cursor="arrow")
# text.insert("insert", "click here!", "a")
# text.tag_config("n", background="yellow", foreground="red")
# text.tag_config("a", foreground="blue")
# text.insert("contents", ("n", "a"))
# text.insert("end","aaa") # end,current,insert,sel_first,sel_last
# text.insert(1.0,'0123456789\n') # x.y
# text.insert("1.end",'zzz') # x.end
text.pack()

def call():
    print("call pressed ...")
button = tkinter.Button(
    root,
    command = call,
    # default = # If set, the button is a default button. Tkinter will indicate this by drawing a platform specific indicator (usually an extra border). The default is DISABLED (no default behavior).
    # overrelief = # Alternative relief to use when the mouse is moved over the widget. If empty, always use the relief value.
)
button.flash() # Flash the button. This method redraws the button several times, alternating between active and normal appearance.
button.invoke() # Call the command associated with the button.
button.pack()

# config(**options)
val = tkinter.StringVar()
def cbcall():
    val.set(val.get()+"...")
    print (val.get())
checkButton = tkinter.Checkbutton(
    root,
    text = "color",
    variable = val,
    onvalue = "blue",
    offvalue ="none",
    command = cbcall
)
# deselect() # Deselects the checkbox; that is, sets the value to offvalue.
# flash() # Redraws the button several times, alternating between active and normal appearance.
# invoke() # Calls the command associated with the button.
# select() # Selects the button; that is, sets the value to onvalue.
# toggle() # Toggles the button.
checkButton.pack()

# config(**options)
val = tkinter.StringVar()
def radcall():
    print(val.get())
r1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(
    root,
    text = "one",
    variable = val, # the value of the value
    # textvariable = # the value of the text
    value = "one1",
    command = radcall
)
r1.pack()
r2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(
    root,
    text = "two",
    variable = val,
    value = "two2",
    command = radcall
)
r2.pack()
# deselect() # Deselects the button.
# flash() # Redraws the button a couple of times, alternating between active and normal appearance. This can be useful when debugging, or to indicate when some other user action has activate the button.
# invoke() # Calls the command associated with the button.
# select() # Selects the button.

# config(**options)
listbox = tkinter.Listbox(
    root,
    selectmode = "extended", # browse
    activestyle = "underline",
    # exportselection =
    # listvariable =
    # xscrollcommand =
    # yscrollcommand =
)
listbox.pack()
for x in [x*2 for x in range(10)]:
    listbox.insert("end",x)
# lb.bind("<Double-Button-1>", self.ok)
# activate(index)
# bbox(self, index)
# curselection()
# delete(first, last=None)
# get(first, last=None)
# index(index)
# insert(index, *elements)
# itemconfig(index, **options)
# selection_anchor(index) # Sets the selection anchor to the given index. The anchor can be refered to using the ANCHOR index.
# selection_clear(first, last=None) # Removes one or more items from the selection.
# selection_includes(index) # Checks if an item is selected.
# selection_set(first, last=None) # Adds one or more items to the selection.
# size()
# xview(column, *extra) # Controls horizontal scrolling.
# yview(*what)
# yview_scroll(number, what)
# xview_scroll(number, what)
# yview_moveto(fraction)
# xview_moveto(fraction)

# import the tkinter core package
import tkinter
# create a root window with tkinter
root = tkinter.Tk()
## start the event loop
## (actually i don't know what does it look like in python at this time)
root.mainloop()

# print (root.keys) # printing the all options
# root['key'] = value
root['bg'] = 'black' # same to background
# relief
# screen
# use
# colormap
# container
root['cursor'] = 'abc.png' # cursor image
root['bd'] = '2' # same to borderwidth
root['height'] = '400' # height
# highlightbackground # 部件具有焦点时的亮点区域的背景颜色.
# highlightcolor # 前景色的亮点区域，部件具有焦点时.
# highlightthickness # 焦点时边框宽度
root['padx'] = '10' # inner padding x
root['pady'] = '10' # inner padding y
# takefocus # 获取焦点的键盘定义
# visual
root['width'] = '400' # width
root['menu'] = myMenu # add myMenu

# set the window's title
root.title("this is a window created with tkinter in python")
# set the size of the window(WxH+X+Y)
root.geometry('600x500+10+20');
# set the resizability
root.resizable(width=True,height=False)
# icon of the window
root.iconbitmap('gif/003.ico')
# enter the event loop
root.mainloop()

elem.pack(**options)
# same ad pack
pack_configure()
# remome , but not destroy , can display again with pack()
pack_forget()
# Returns a dictionary containing the current packer options.
pack_info()
# (Manager method) Controls geometry propagation. If enabled, the manager widget will be resized if not large enough to hold all the child widgets.
pack_propagate(flag)
# (Manager method) Returns a list of all child (“slave”) widgets managed by the packer for this widget.Returns: A list of child widgets.
pack_slaves()
# Where the widget is placed inside the packing box. Default is CENTER.
anchor = center,x,e,nw,ne,se,sw,s,n
# Specifies whether the widgets should be expanded to fill any extra space in the geometry master. If false (default), the widget is not expanded.
expand = True,false
# Specifies whether the widget should occupy all the space provided to it by the master.
fill = none,both,x,y
# Pack this widget inside the given widget.
in =
# inner pading
ipadx = 0
ipady = 0
# outer padding
padx = 0
pady = 0
# Specifies which side to pack the widget against.
side = left,right,top,bottom

elem.grid(**options)
# Returns a list of the “slave” widgets managed by this widget.
grid_slaves(row = 'none', column = 'none')
# Returns the current grid size for the geometry manager attached to this widget.
grid_size()
# Set options for a row,column of cells.
# padsize=,pad=,weight=
elem.grid_rowconfigure(index, **options)
grid_columnconfigure(index, **options)
# Enables or disables geometry propagation.
girid_propagate(flag) True,False
# Returns the grid cell under (or closest to) a given pixel.
grid_location(x, y)
# Return a dictionary containing the current cell options for the cell used by this widget.
grid_info()
# Remove this widget from the grid manager. The widget is not destroyed, and can be displayed again by grid or any other manager.
grid_forget()
# Same as grid.
grid_configure(**options) [#]
# The grid_bbox method.
grid_bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None)
# column row number
column = 1
row = 2
# If given, indicates that the widget cell should span multiple columns or rows. The default is 1.
columnspan = 2
rowspan = 3
# Place widget inside to the given widget.
in =
in_ = # same as in
# the inner paddings
ipadx =
ipady =
# the outer paddings
padx =
pady =
# Defines how to expand the widget if the resulting cell is larger than the widget itself.
sticky = w,e,n,s,se,we,ne,nw

elem.place(**options)
# Same as place.
place_configure(**options)
# The place_forget method.
place_forget()
# The place_info method.
place_info()
# The place_slaves method.
place_slaves()
Same as place_slaves.
slaves()